Immunoregulatory structures from normally occurring proteins

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to isolated protein sequences that correspond to cell binding peptides, fragments, neo-structures and/or neo-epitopes of a normally occurring serum protein present in human tissue, wherein the peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope has an immunoregulatory activity and is the result of either an enhanced proteolytic activity and/or conformational changes in a tissue, or a malignant tumour. In the present patent application, a common structure of several of these peptides, fragments, neo-structures and/or neo-epitopes, having immunoregulatory activity by binding to receptors on immune cells, has been identified. The present invention further also relates to monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies directed to a cell binding fragment of a normally occurring serum protein present in human tissue, as described above.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to certain identified protein sequences having an immunoregulatory effect, as well as antibodies directed to such protein sequences and to methods for identifying such.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Although data indicate that the immune system is of major importance for cancer control, malignant tumours continue to grow and the efficacy of immunotherapy is rather poor with an objective remission rate of 15-30%. There can be several reasons for this apparent paradox:

-   -   Tumours avoid the recognition by the immune system by not         expressing tumour associated antigens properly     -   Tumour associated antigens (often self antigens), which are too         weak to elicit an adequate immune response     -   Induction of tolerance     -   Cancer related immunosuppression, which prevents an adequate         immune response

These alternatives require completely different therapeutic strategies, either proper stimulation of the immune system or control of cancer related immunosuppressor mechanisms.

Immunosuppression in cancer is mainly characterized by: Reduced proliferative and cytotoxic capacity of lymphocytes, in particular tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, poor migration of inflammatory cells, reduced production and response to IL-2, difficulties to elicit an immune response by vaccination, also against other than tumour related antigens and pathological cytokine production. This dysregulation of the immune system results in poor immune mediated cancer control and a paraneoplastic syndrome (subfebrility, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss and deterioration of laboratory parameters).

Immunostimulatory therapeutic strategies using cytokines (e.g. interferons, interleukins) or vaccination, in order to enhance the immune mediated reactivity to the tumour, has been tried for several decades, but have so far had only very limited success. This indicates that immunostimulation in order to overcome a poor immune response in cancer patients might be suppressed by other so far unidentified mechanisms.

We have in two previous patent applications described two fundamental immunoregulatory mechanisms of relevance to all types of malignant tumours. In the first of these applications the importance of Fc-receptor modulation and ways to overcome this cancer related immunosuppression by modulating Fc-receptor cross-linking was demonstrated. In this patent application also proteolytic fragments of normally occurring proteins were demonstrated to induce pathological monokine production. In the second patent application some of these neo-structures were found to be integrin binding/blocking and their occurrence and immunoregulatory activity was further analysed by using monoclonal antibodies directed against albumin derived neo-structures. In the latter patent application also the occurrence and importance of auto-antibodies to these neo-structures is described.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In the present patent application, several protein sequences, such as peptides, fragments, neo-structures and/or neo-epitopes, of a protein normally occurring in serum, which are binding to immune cells are disclosed. Some of their immunoregulatory activities are described.

What is more, in the present patent application, the structure of several of these peptides, fragments, neo-structures and/or neo-epitopes, having immunoregulatory activity by binding to receptors on immune cells, have been identified.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention relates to an immune cell binding protein sequence of a protein normally occurring in serum, such as to an isolated cell binding peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope of a protein normally occurring in serum, which is present in a human tissue, wherein said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope has an immunoregulatory activity and said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope is the result of an enhanced proteolytic activity and/or denaturing in an inflammatory tissue and/or a malignant tumour. Specific examples of such immune cell binding protein sequences are selected from the amino acid sequences listed e.g. as SEQ.ID.NO(s). 1-81, such as in particular from the sequences corresponding to SEQ.ID.NO(s). 26, 80, and 81.

Consequently, the present invention also relates to the use as a medicine of an immune cell binding protein sequence of a protein normally occurring in serum, such as an isolated cell binding peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope, which is present in a human tissue, wherein said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope has an immunoregulatory activity and said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope is the result of an enhanced proteolytic activity and/or denaturing in an inflammatory tissue and/or a malignant tumour, selected from the amino acid sequences listed as SEQ.ID.NO(s). 1-81, such as in particular selected from the sequences corresponding to SEQ.ID.NO(s). 26, 80, and 81.

In particular, the present invention relates to the use of an immune cell binding protein sequence of a protein normally occurring in serum, according to the present invention, selected from the amino acid sequences listed as SEQ.ID.NO(s). 1-81, such as in particular selected from the sequences corresponding to SEQ.ID.NO(s). 26, 80, and 81, for diagnosing, treating and/or preventing cancer in a patient in need thereof.

A preferred embodiment thereof is a monoclonal antibody directed to an immune cell binding protein sequence of a protein normally occurring in serum, such as an isolated cell binding peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope, which is present in a human tissue, wherein said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope has an immunoregulatory activity and said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope is the result of an enhanced proteolytic activity and/or denaturing in an inflammatory tissue and/or a malignant tumour. In a presently preferred embodiment, such a monoclonal antibody is directed against at least one of the protein sequences corresponding to a sequence selected from the amino acid sequences listed as SEQ.ID.NO(s). 1-81, such as in particular selected from the sequences corresponding to SEQ.ID.NO(s). 26, 80, and 81.

Another, equally preferred embodiment of the present invention is a polyclonal rabbit anti-3028 antibody, which is herein demonstrated, as well as a polyclonal rabbit anti-3218 or anti-3315 antibody, i.e. a polyclonal rabbit antibody that is directed against at least one of the protein sequences corresponding to SEQ.ID.NO(s). 26, 80 or 81. Such an antibody is typically used for different diagnose and/or research methods.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for diagnosing the presence of a malignant tumour by determining the response to an antibody as described above.

A still further aspect of the invention relates to a compound inhibiting the activity of an immune cell binding protein sequence of a protein normally occurring in serum, such as an isolated cell binding peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope, which is present in a human tissue, wherein said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope has an immunoregulatory activity and said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope is the result of an enhanced proteolytic activity and/or denaturing in an inflammatory tissue and/or a malignant tumour.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for treating any malignant tumour by administering a compound inhibiting the occurrence of an immune cell binding protein sequence of a protein normally occurring in serum, such as an isolated cell binding peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope, according to the present invention, which said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope has an immunoregulatory activity and is the result of a cancer or malign tumour.

A preferred embodiment of the method consists in that an antibody raised against said cell binding peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope is administered in an amount sufficient to raise an immune response to any malignant tumour.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for treating a malignant tumour by inhibiting the activity of said immunoregulatory peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope by using standard drug developing pharmacological principles producing receptor blocking drugs or drugs inhibiting signal transduction from the receptors of said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope.

In particular again, the present invention for the first time discloses that an immune cell binding protein sequence of a protein normally occurring in serum, according to the present invention, such as an isolated cell binding peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope, being the result of an enhanced proteolytic activity and/or denaturing in an inflammatory tissue and/or a malignant tumour, has immunoregulatory, inhibitory activity, i.e. that it is a physiological immunoinhibitor. The present invention thus further relates to the use of an isolated immune cell binding peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope of a protein normally occurring in serum, according to the present invention, for immunoregulation not only in cancer, but also in interleukin-2 dependent and/or inflammatory conditions and/or diseases, such as psoriasis, T-cell lymphoma, allograft rejection, GVH, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chronic inflammatory diseases and/or autoimmune diseases.

A still further aspect of the invention relates to a method for treating interleukin-2 dependent and/or inflammatory conditions and/or diseases by administering a therapeutically effective amount of the immunosuppressive peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope of a protein normally occurring in serum, according to the present invention.

One presently preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a protein sequence, such as a peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope of normal serum albumin having a first glutamic acid at a distance of 3 to 7 amino acids from any lysine present in said sequence, preferably 4 to 6 amino acids from any lysine present in said sequence, more preferably 5 to 6 amino acids from any lysine present in said sequence, and having immunoregulatory activity.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention said sequence contains a further glutamic acid at a distance of from 2 to 3 amino acids from said first glutamic acid. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope of normal serum albumin has a peptide sequence selected from the amino acid sequences listed as SEQ.ID.NO(s). 1-81.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention said sequence further contains an acidic amino acid at a distance of −12±1 amino acids from the first glutamic acid, and at a distance of +3±1 amino acids from the lysine.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a monoclonal antibody directed against one or more of a protein sequence, such as a peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope of normal serum albumin having a first glutamic acid at a distance of 3 to 7 amino acids from any lysine present in said sequence, preferably 4 to 6 amino acids from any lysine present in said sequence, more preferably 5 to 6 amino acids from any lysine present in said sequence, and having immunoregulatory activity.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the antibody is directed against a peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope of normal serum albumin corresponding to one or more of the peptide sequences selected from the amino acid sequences listed as SEQ.ID.NO(s). 1-81.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for diagnosing the optional presence of an immunosuppressing cancer or malignant tumour, by determining the presence of a peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope of normal human serum albumin having a first glutamic acid at a distance of 3 to 7 amino acids from any lysine present in said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope, preferably 4 to 6 amino acids from any lysine present in said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope, more preferably 5 to 6 amino acids from any lysine present in said peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope, and having immunoregulatory activity, as shown in one or more standard immune tests/standard tests on immune function, such as cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation, blocking binding of anti-integrin antibody to its receptor.

Presently preferred sequences of a peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope according to the present invention are listed as follows:

EENFK SEQ. ID. NO. 1 EDHVK SEQ. ID. NO. 2 ENCDK SEQ. ID. NO. 3 ETFLK SEQ. ID. NO. 4 ERAFK SEQ. ID. NO. 5 ECCEK SEQ. ID. NO. 6 ECYAK SEQ. ID. NO. 7 ERQIK SEQ. ID. NO. 8 EKCCK SEQ. ID. NO. 9 EEGKK SEQ. ID. NO. 10 EETFLK SEQ. ID. NO. 11 ETFLKK SEQ. ID. NO. 12 ETTLEK SEQ. ID. NO. 13 ETYVPK SEQ. ID. NO. 14 ERQIKK SEQ. ID. NO. 15 ELVKHK SEQ. ID. NO. 16 EVAHRFK SEQ. ID. NO. 17 EVTEFAK SEQ. ID. NO. 18 ECFLQHK SEQ. ID. NO. 19 EETFLKK SEQ. ID. NO. 20 ELLFFAK SEQ. ID. NO. 21 ELRDEGK SEQ. ID. NO. 22 EFAEVSK SEQ. ID. NO. 23 EKPLLEK SEQ. ID. NO. 24 ESKDVCK SEQ. ID. NO. 25 EPQNLIK SEQ. ID. NO. 26 EQLGEYK SEQ. ID. NO. 27 EKERQIK SEQ. ID. NO. 28 ESAENCDK SEQ. ID. NO. 29 EMADCCAK SEQ. ID. NO. 30 ECCQAADK SEQ. ID. NO. 31 EGKASSAK SEQ. ID. NO. 32 EEPQNLIK SEQ. ID. NO. 33 EVSRNLGK SEQ. ID. NO. 34 EKERQIKK SEQ. ID. NO. 35 ELVKHKPK SEQ. ID. NO. 36 ENQDSISSK SEQ. ID. NO. 37 EKCCKADDK SEQ. ID. NO. 38 ETCFAEEGK SEQ. ID. NO. 39 KDLGE SEQ. ID. NO. 40 KLVNE SEQ. ID. NO. 41 KQEPE SEQ. ID. NO. 42 KYLYE SEQ. ID. NO. 43 KVHTE SEQ. ID. NO. 44 KYICE SEQ. ID. NO. 45 KECCE SEQ. ID. NO. 46 KPLLE SEQ. ID. NO. 47 KNYAE SEQ. ID. NO. 48 KVFDE SEQ. ID. NO. 49 KPLVE SEQ. ID. NO. 50 KQNCE SEQ. ID. NO. 51 KCCTE SEQ. ID. NO. 52 KATKE SEQ. ID. NO. 53 KDLGEE SEQ. ID. NO. 54 KKYLYE SEQ. ID. NO. 55 KAAFTE SEQ. ID. NO. 56 KAEFAE SEQ. ID. NO. 57 KPLVEE SEQ. ID. NO. 58 KEFNAE SEQ. ID. NO. 59 KADDKE SEQ. ID. NO. 60 KTCVADE SEQ. ID. NO. 61 KLKECCE SEQ. ID. NO. 62 KSHCIAE SEQ. ID. NO. 63 KCCKHPE SEQ. ID. NO. 64 KRMPCAE SEQ. ID. NO. 65 KQTALVE SEQ. ID. NO. 66 KPKATKE SEQ. ID. NO. 67 KETCFAE SEQ. ID. NO. 68 KLVNEVTE SEQ. ID. NO. 69 KQEPERNE SEQ. ID. NO. 70 KLDELRDE SEQ. ID. NO. 71 KTYETTLE SEQ. ID. NO. 72 KQNCELFE SEQ. ID. NO. 73 KKQTALVE SEQ. ID. NO. 74 KETCFAEE SEQ. ID. NO. 75 KRYKAAFTE SEQ. ID. NO. 76 KDVCKNYAE SEQ. ID. NO. 77 KHKPKATKE SEQ. ID. NO. 78 EKDDAKCCK SEQ. ID. NO. 79 VFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIK SEQ. ID. NO. 80 VFDEFKPLVE SEQ. ID. NO. 81

In the following the term “tissue” as used herein shall mean whole blood, serum, plasma, lymphatic fluid, saliva, urine, faeces, ascites, pleural effusion, pus, as well as any tissue, including muscle, fat, and connective tissue, including inflammatory cells.

In the present context, the term “protein sequence” is used to describe one or more of a protein, polypeptide, peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope that is generated as a result of proteolytic fragmentation, denaturation and/or conformational change(s) of a protein normally occurring in serum. As is easily understood by the person skilled in the art, a conformational change of a protein will of course not necessarily always lead to its fragmentation, but might as well simply result in the formation and/or presentation of a new structure and/or epitope. In the present context several new structures and/or epitopes are disclosed that are still attached to and presented by the original protein normally occurring in serum.

A fragment of a protein normally occurring in serum is in the present context defined as including fragments of proteins, polypeptides and or peptides, without reference to a specific length of said protein sequence.

In the present context, “denaturation”/“denaturing” means any change of a protein's structure from the normal, natural structure, such as for example brought on by oxidative stress.

Proteins are biological macromolecules constituted by amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins, as linear polymers of amino acids, are also called polypeptides. Typically, proteins have 50-800 amino acid residues and hence have molecular weights in the range of from about 6,000 to about several hundred thousand Dalton or more. Small proteins are called peptides, oligopeptides or polypeptides. In the context of the present invention, a “peptide” or “fragment” for use in accordance with the present invention, refers to a polypeptide which may be, but is not limited to, being 5-50 amino acids in length, such as 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 47, 48, 49 or 50 amino acids. Such peptides may also be longer than 50 amino acids.

Furthermore, any amino acid sequence being at least 70% identical, such as being at least 72%, 75%, 77%, 80%, 82%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical with the amino acid sequence of a peptide and/or fragment of a sequence as listed in SEQ.ID.NO: 1-81, according to the invention, is also considered to be inside the scope of the present invention.

By a peptide, fragment, neo-structure and/or neo-epitope having an amino acid sequence at least, for example 95% identical to a reference amino acid sequence, is intended that the amino acid sequence of e.g. the peptide is identical to the reference sequence, except that the amino acid sequence may include up to 5 point mutations per each 100 amino acids of the reference amino acid sequence. In other words, to obtain a peptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to a reference amino acid sequence: up to 5% of the amino acids in the reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another amino acid, or a number of amino acids up to 5% of the total amino acids in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence. These mutations of the reference sequence may occur at the amino and/or carboxy terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among amino acids in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.

In the present invention, a local algorithm program is best suited to determine identity. Local algorithm programs, (such as Smith Waterman) compare a subsequence in one sequence with a subsequence in a second sequence, and find the combination of subsequences and the alignment of those subsequences, which yields the highest overall similarity score. Internal gaps, if allowed, are penalized. Local algorithms work well for comparing two multidomain proteins, which have a single domain or just a binding site in common.

Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available programs. Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package (Devereux, J et al (1994)) BLASTP, BLASTN, and FASTA (Altschul, S. F. et al (1990)). The BLASTX program is publicly available from NCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S. F. et al, Altschul, S. F. et al (1990)). Each sequence analysis program has a default scoring matrix and default gap penalties. In general, a molecular biologist would be expected to use the default settings established by the software program used.

Results

Epitope Mapping with Mass Spectrometry of a Monoclonal Mouse Antibody Specific for Denatured Human Serum Albumin (dHSA)

Two monoclonal antibodies directed against denatured HSA were shown to have immunomodulatory activity. The structure of the epitope of one of these mAbs was further investigated.

Two Similar Approaches for Epitope Mapping with Matrix-Assisted Laser

Desorption/Ionisation Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF ms) were used in order to define the possible site/s on human serum albumin to which a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for denatured albumin binds. One approach takes advantage of the fact that tryptic peptides to which an antibody is bound will not generate characteristic mass spectra in MALDI as they are “hidden” from the analysis (3). Another approach takes advantage of the fact that sites on a protein where an antibody has bound are protected from proteolysis (1, 2).

Binding of Peptides Generated by Trypsination of dHSA by Monoclonal Antibody A (mAb A)

Purified human serum albumin (HSA) was denatured with urea, reduced with DTT and alkylated as described (4). The denatured HSA was then subjected to trypsin treatment with a low concentration (0.02-2 ng/ml) of trypsin. However, the spectra obtained with MALDI were unsatisfactory, as the peptides masses typical for albumin were not found. Based on gel electrophoresis this preparation (digested by 0.02 ng/ml of trypsin) was found to contain substantial amounts of undigested albumin. Therefore, trypsin digestion was continued, at a higher concentration (5 μg/ml) in order to obtain the mass spectra usually used for identification of proteins by MALDI.

Some of the now completely cleaved albumin solution was incubated with the mAb A. MALDI-TOF ms was performed and spectra of enzyme-treated denatured albumin obtained in the presence or absence of mAb A were compared. Fourteen albumin massed were absent or reduced after incubation with mAb A (Table 1 A, Column D). The amino acid sequence of these peptides is shown in Table 1 B. The spectra represent multiple areas encompassing residues 66 to 508 of the albumin molecule.

TABLE 1 A Peptide residues of HSA binding to mAb A. Column C: Peak area of peptides before adsorption with mAb A. Column D: Peak area of peptides after adsorption with mAb A. Column E: Peak area of peptides when digestion of dHSA was protected by binding to mAb A C D E A Peak area before Peak area after Peak area tryps. MH+ B Antibody incub. antibody incub. Albumin + antib. (m/z) Residue 2 spectra 5 spectra 6 spectra 1149.67 066-075 1970, 4092 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1017.59 089-097 1695, 5089 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 933.56 098-105 1862, 4869 0, 0, 132, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1434.65 106-117  809, 1010 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 927.55 162-168  6036, 13066 504, 118, 473, 448, 895, 216, 281, 288 724, 2346, 1571 1074.63 206-214 3064, 7917 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 1443.74 287-298  583, 1394 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 53, 0, 0, 0, 1546.91 299-310 2283, 4675 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1311.84 362-372 1036, 1482 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 51, 0, 407 (1312), 226(1312) 1552.71 384-396 2186, 3327 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1657.87 414-426 2519, 2978 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 212(1656.64) 960.62 427-434 15276, 32846 267, 315, 931, 591, 1284, 199, 494, 309 1015, 2963, 1998 1138.56 500-508 1360, 4659 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 258, 0, 0, 0, 204 (1139) 1342.72 570-581 2720, 3758 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

TABLE 1B Amino acid sequence of the peptide residues of HSA bound by mAb A. MH+(m/z) Residue Sequence 1149.67 066-075 LVNEVTEFAK 1017.59 089-097 SLHTLFGDK 933.56 098-105 LCTVATLR 1434.65 106-117 ETYGEMADCCAK 927.55 162-168 YLYEIAR 1074.63 206-214 LDELRDEGK 1443.74 287-298 YICENQDSISSK 1546.91 299-310 LKECCEKPLLEK 1311.84 362-372 HPDYSVVLLLR 1552.71 384-396 CCAAADPHECYAK 1657.87 414-426 QNCELFEQLGEYK 960.62 427-434 FQNALLVR 1138.56 500-508 CCTESLVNR 1342.72 570-581 AVMDDFAAFVEK

In order to further confirm these results the monoclonal antibody mAb A was allowed to bind to the denatured albumin (previously digested by trypsin at a concentration of 0.02 ng/ml) in order to protect the peptide sequences of the epitope. The complex was then again treated with trypsin. MALDI-TOF ms was then performed and the peptide mass spectra generated from albumin were compared with spectra generated from denatured albumin trypsin-treated in the absence of antibody. The same fourteen masses out of 39 albumin masses disappeared completely or were significantly reduced in the sample were the mAb was present during trypsin treatment (Table 1 A, Column E). Multiple readings were taken to verify the results.

Important fragments might not be identified because of the possibility that the mAb binding epitope of albumin is cleaved by trypsin, resulting in fragments of the epitope with too low Binding affinity to bind to the mAb. Therefore, an alternative method was also used. MALDI epitope mapping of mAb A based on antibody protection of proteolysis was repeated. This time a slightly different approach was used. Denatured HSA was incubated with mAb A. Albumin not bound by the antibody, was removed from the sample by size exclusion on an ultra filter. The remaining free mabs and the complexes of mab-albumin was then digested with trypsin (sequences of the albumin molecule to which mab is bound should resist the trypsin digestion). Small cleaved fragments of mab and unprotected albumin was then removed from the sample by ultrafiltration (30 kD). The complexes of mAb and bound albumin fragments were dissociated by lowering the pH to 2.7. Again ultrafiltration at 30 kD was performed to separate whole mAb from albumin fragments smaller than 30 kD. MALDI TOF analysis of these fragments did not identify spectra typical for albumin. Reasonably, because the fragments containing the epitope of mAb A were still too large. This filtrate (<30 kD) was then further digested with trypsin (for cleavage of sites previously protected by the mAb) in order to generate peptide masses suitable for analysis with MALDI TOF ms.

After this second trypsin treatment, eight of 32 masses detected by MALDI TOF ms matched to albumin (Table 2). Thus, these now identified amino acid sequences comprise a part of the epitope, which also contains sequences on the other side of the trypsin cleavage point.

TABLE 2 Albumin peptides generated by trypsination of larger fragments eluted from mAb A. Albumin Peak Database Mass residue area sequence 875.49 243-249 481 LSQRFPK 927.47* 162-168 1035 YLYEIAR 933.51* 98-105 744 LCTVATLR 940.41 131-138 534 DDNPNLPR 960.55* 427-434 1345 FQNALLVR 1074.52* 206-214 644 LDELRDEGK 1138.47* 500-508 119 CCTESLVNR 1149.53 66-75 1918 LVNEVTEFAK (1149.61)*

Six of the eight peptide masses (marked with* in Table 2) were peptide masses that also disappeared when analysed previously when completely cleaved albumin was incubated with the mAb A before the MALDI-TOF analysis (Tables 1A and B).

The epitope/s of this antibody was thus established. It is important to note that multiple such structures are present in the albumin molecule, which can then cause cross-linking of the receptors to which they are bound. A previous study into the antigenicity of albumin, based on 13 different monoclonal antibodies, has shown that intramolecular cross-reactivity exists between different domains in human albumin (5), thus multiple epitope sites for mAb A on albumin may be expected.

Based on these consistent results, a common pattern was found. Glutamic acid was found at a distance of 5 or 6 amino acids from lysine, either in the peptide sequences identified by MALDI-TOF or in the sequence adjacent to the peptide sequence identified by this technique (that is on the other side of the trypsin cleavage point, at K (lysine), (Table 3)). It is interesting to note that in 4 of these sequences an additional glutamic acid was found at a distance of 2 or 3 amino acids from the first glutamic acid residue. These additional glutamic acid residues might be of importance for the affinity or signal transduction of these peptides. The biological activity of these peptides might also be influenced by the occurrence of acidic amino acids both at a distance of 12±1 amino acids (position −12) from the first glutamic acid residue E (in the E5K structure) and at a distance of 3±1 amino acids (position +3) from the lysine residue K (in the E5K structure. Due to the length of the two important amino acids, glutamic acid (E) and lysine (K), in the epitope of mAb A, the exact fixed distance between these amino acids is not necessary for the immunoregulatory activity of these fragments. Thus, a sequence of E3-7K can have immunoregulatory activity similar to that of the E5K sequence (Table 4 A and B).

TABLE 3 Peptide sequences surrounding the E5K and E6K structures selected for synthesis of peptides for testing of immunological activity. One peptide with the E6K structure is included in the table (sequence 2). Residue Sequence 1 062-078 D H V K L V N E V T E F A K T C V A Mass MH+ 1149, 67 L V N E V T E F A K (m/z) E5K motif E V T E F A K Synthesized 2604 K L V N E V T E F A K T peptide Residue Sequence 2 103-124 T L R E T Y G E M A D C C A K Q E P E R N E Mass MH+ 1434, 65 E T Y G E M A D C C A K (m/z) E5K motif E M A D C C A K Synthesized 2607 E M A D C C A K Q E P E peptide Residue Sequence 3 151-171 F H D N E E T F L K K Y L Y E I A R R H P Mass MH+ 927, 55 Y L Y E I A R (m/z) E5K motif E E T F L K K Synthesized 2605 N E E T F L K K Y L Y E peptide Residue Sequence 4 202-219 L L P K L D E L R D E G K A S S A K Mass MH+ 1074, 63 L D E L R D E G K (m/z) E5K motif E L R D E G K Synthesized 2606 K L D E L R D E G K A S peptide Residue Sequence 5 414-437 Q N C E L F E Q L G E Y K F Q N A L L V R Y T K Mass MH+ 960, 62 F Q N A L L V R (m/z) E5K motif E Q L G E Y K Synthesized 2608 E L F E Q L  G E Y K F peptide

Five of these peptides were synthesized (Table 3) and their immunoregulatory functions have been investigated. Based on these studies it was postulated that both stimulatory and inhibitory peptide sequences are present in serum albumin.

Conclusion—epitope mapping by MALDI-TOF MS

The epitope of mAb A has been identified as the E5-6K structure

The biologically relevant structure is thus E3-7K, possibly with additional acidic amino acid residues at positions −12 and +3. Taken together, these results indicate that mAb A can bind to multiple regions of the albumin molecule. Since the experiments were performed with denatured albumin, these epitopes are probably not sites generated by combining residues when the molecule is folded.

Binding Activity of E5K Peptides—Inhibition of mAb A Binding to dHSA

In order to test the specificity of the synthesized peptides, they were tested in an ELISA where inhibition of the binding of mAb A to plates coated with dHSA was analysed. A high binding of the antibody to the plate is thus consistent with no inhibitory activity and this binding is reduced when an inhibitory substance is added to the system. As shown in FIG. 1, four out of five peptides showed a dose dependent inhibition of the antibody to the dHSA coated plates, confirming that they contain a structure reacting with the antibody.

Expression of the E5K Epitope in Tumour Cells—Correlation to Survival

It has previously been demonstrated, by using immunohistochemical staining with mAb A, that the E5K epitope/structure is expressed by several types of cancer cells (WO 06/043891). A series of 20 biopsies from melanoma patients were stained using this technique and the staining intensity was scored from + to +++ using a light microscope. A considerable variation in staining intensity was observed. Based on the most intensely stained areas of the sections the patients were ranked from high to low expressors of E5K. The number of patients was then divided into two equal groups, high and low expressors, and a possible difference in survival between these groups was analysed according to Kaplan Meyer and a log rank analyses. As is shown in FIG. 2 a highly statistically significant difference in survival was found for high and low expressors. Immunomodulatory activity of E5K peptides

Effect of Peptides on PHA Induced Proliferation of PBMCs

The effect of two albumin peptides, 2605 and 2608, on PHA induced proliferation of PBMCs from one healthy control and two cancer patients was tested. As shown in FIGS. 3A and B, the response pattern is quite different between individuals, presumably due to the degree of immune stimulation of PBMCs in vivo and possibly also due to the occurrence of auto-antibodies to the neo-structures represented by the peptides. The importance of the degree of immune stimulation is demonstrated by comparing the effect of the peptides when the PBMCs are stimulated with either 5 or 10 μg/ml of PHA (compare. FIGS. 3A and B). In addition to the inter-individual differences, also a biphasic response pattern was found, for example using peptide 2605 with PBMCs from K92, the lowest concentration was inhibitory, the middle concentration stimulatory and again at the highest concentration, the proliferative response was inhibited. It is also interesting to note that a clear stimulatory activity was found with the lowest concentration of both peptides in patient P46. There are also some differences in the activity of the two tested peptides especially when PBMCs are stimulated with PHA at a concentration of 5 μg/ml. When a PHA concentration of 10 μg/ml is used the activity of the two peptides is similar. The culture model with the lower degree of stimulation is of course more sensitive to variation in the receptor binding structure. This example thus demonstrates that once a biologically active peptide sequence has been demonstrated, changes of the amino acid sequence can modulate its biological activity.

To further analyse the inter individual differences in the effect of these peptides PBMCs from 5 healthy controls and 4 patients were analysed (FIG. 4). PHA was used at a concentration of 5 μg/ml and the peptides at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. Again a clear difference between individuals was demonstrated. Peptide 2605 had an inhibitory or stimulatory effects in one control each and one patient each. Peptide 2608 had a stimulatory effect in ¼ controls whereas ¾ patients were stimulated.

Effect of dHSA on PHA induced proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) The effect of dHSA on PHA induced proliferation of PBMCs from healthy controls and cancer patients is quite variable (FIG. 5). Again this can be due to the degree of stimulation of PBMCs in vivo and possibly also to the presence of auto-antibodies against dHSA. Addition of dHSA to these cultures can result both in stimulation and inhibition of the proliferative rate, but frequently resulted in stimulation of the proliferative rate. It is remarkable that one control did not respond at all and this person did not respond to a higher concentration of PHA either. In one patient (P41) addition of dHSA inhibited proliferation, especially at a PHA concentration of 10 μg/ml. The variation in response between patients, demonstrates the need of diagnosing the individual immune status of cancer patients.

Effect of Peptides on dHSA Modulated PHA Induced Proliferation of PBMCs

Next the effect of different peptides, 2605 or 2608, on dHSA enhanced PHA induced proliferation was analysed. As shown in FIGS. 6A and B addition of dHSA at a concentration of 8 μg/ml significantly increased the proliferative rate of PHA stimulated PBMCs from two different healthy controls. At the lower concentrations of dHSA, the stimulatory activity declined. Interestingly, addition of the peptides at a concentration of 10 μg/ml significantly inhibited the stimulatory activity of the two highest dHSA concentrations, whereas at the lower concentrations the peptides to the contrary stimulated the proliferative rate. Thus, the stimulatory effect of dHSA at 8 μg/ml was inhibited by addition of the peptides, but the same concentration of the peptides stimulated the proliferative rate at a lower concentration of dHSA. Reasonably, cross-linking of the E5K receptor is involved in the stimulatory activity of dHSA as monomeric binding of the peptides to this receptor inhibits the stimulatory effect of dHSA. The same concentration of the peptides then has quite different activity in the presence of different concentrations of dHSA, at 0.8 μg/ml there is still a slight inhibitory activity whereas at the lower concentrations of dHSA the proliferative rate is significantly enhanced. A reasonable explanation to this is that the stimulatory activity of the peptides is blocked by an inhibitory neo-structure of albumin at dHSA concentration of 8 μg/ml.

Effect of Peptides on Monokine Production by PBMCs

The effect of albumin peptides, 2604-2608, on LPS induced IL-6 production is shown in FIG. 7A-C. Again, considerable inter-indivdual differences in the activity of the peptides are observed. Analysing PBMCs from one healthy control, peptide 2604 was stimulatory at the lowest concentration, whereas peptides 2606 and 2608 at this concentration were inhibitory (FIG. 7A). The activity also varied between the two melanoma patients, but in one of these patients all peptides had a stimulatory activity (FIG. 7C).

Thus all five peptides have immunomodulatory activity, but the effect varies depending the immune status of the investigated individual.

Effect Albumin Peptides on Immunohistochemical Staining of PBMC Using an Anti-Integrin Antibody

The immunobiological importance of albumin amino acid sequences was further studied by analysing their influence on the binding of a monoclonal antibody to the β₂-integrin LFA-1 (CD11a) on immune cells (FIG. 8A-F). This molecule was chosen for these experiments, as it is known that binding of certain mAb's to this molecule seriously can modulate/inhibit functions of the immune system. The particular antibody chosen for these experiments has been shown to inhibit the binding of LFA-1 to ICAM-1 AND ICAM-3.

Cytospin preparations of mononuclear blood cells from healthy controls, cancer patients and a monocytic cell line, THP-1, were prepared (as described under materials and methods), dried and stored at −70° C. In the immunocytological staining, unspecific staining was blocked by incubation with 10% human AB serum. Some of the slides were preincubated for 60 minutes with albumin peptides at a concentration of 40 μg/ml, added to this 10% AB serum, as indicated in the FIG. 8A-F. The staining procedure was then continued as described in material and methods. The staining intensity of slides stained with and without preincubation with the peptides was recorded semi quantitatively using a standard light microscope.

As shown in FIG. 8A-F, binding of the mAb to LFA-1 can be inhibited by preincubation with the peptides. As mentioned in other sections of this document, the immune status of the donor of blood cells might influence the outcome of immunological analyses. Accordingly, the stainability of PBMCs from some donors seems to be uninfluenced by pre-incubation with the peptides and in a few cases with low initial stainability even enhanced staining was observed. The binding of the mAb to LFA-1 to the monocytic cell line THP-1 was clearly enhanced by pre-incubation with peptide 2606 (FIGS. 8A, B). These results clearly show that the structure of E5K interact with the β₂-integrin in a way, which is of importance for the function of the immune system.

Binding of Peptides Generated by Trypsination of dHSA by Cell Surface Receptors

Based on the observation that immunoregulatory peptide sequences are present in serum albumin, there is the possibility that other sequences than the epitope of mAb A have immunoregulatory function. Therefore an artificial cell surface (ACS) was prepared as described in materials and methods. The mixture of peptides obtained after trypsination was adsorbed by ACS and the binding peptides were identified by comparing adsorbed and unadsorbed peptide solutions using the MALDI TOF ms technique. These peptides are shown in Table 5A.

TABLE 5 A Peptides generated by trypsin degradation of dHSA and the degree of adsorption to the receptors of ACS. The amino acids within brackets show the protease cleavage point and are not included in the identified masses. Synthesized E5K ACS adsorbed peptides peptides Per cent Start E5K adsorbed Sequence End Peptide Sequence Start End 0.71 (K)KYLYEIAR (R) 161-168 2605 NEETFLKKYLYE 153-168 0.64 (K)KVPQVSTPTLVEVSR (N) 438-452 0.60 (K)VFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIK 397-413 (Q) 0.59 (K)VPQVSTPTLVEVSR (N) 439-452 0.42 (R)RPCFSALEVDETYVPK 509-524 (E) 0.41 (K)FQNALLVR (Y) 427-434 0.36 (K)SLHTLFGDK (L) 89-97 0.36 (K)LKECCEKPLLEK (S) 299-310 0.35 (K)LCTVATLR (E) 98-105 0.34 (K)YLYEIAR (R) 162-168 2605 NEETFLKKYLYE 153-168 0.32 (K)CCAAADPHECYAK (V) 384-396 0.29 (K)AAFTECCQAADK (A) 187198 0.26 (K)CCTESLVNR (R) 500-508 0.26 (K)QEPERNECFLQHK (D) 118-130 2607 EMADCCAKQEPE 110-122 0.23 (K)AVMDDFAAFVEK (C) 570-581 0.22 (R)NECFLQHK (D) 123-130 0.20 (K)ONCELFEQLGEYK (F) 414-426 2608 ELFEQLGEYKF 417-427 0.18 (K)QEPERNECFLQHK (D) 118-130 2607 EMADCCAKQEPE 110-122 0.13 (K)VHTECCHGDLLECADDR 265-281 (A) 0.08 (R)FKDLGEENFK (A) 35-44 0.03 (K)YICENQDSISSK (L) 287-298 0.02 (K)LDELRDEGK (A) 206-214 2606 KLDELRDEGKAS 205-217 0.01 (K)DDNPNLPR (L) 131-138 −0.02 (K)LVNEVTEFAK (T) 66-75 2604 KLVNEVTEFAKT 65-76 −0.08 (R)ETYGEMADCCAK (Q) 106-117 −0.37 (R)YKAAFTECCQAADK (A) 185-198

Based on their degree of binding and their spatial relation to the E5K structures of albumin, four new peptides were selected to be synthesized and investigated for their immunoregulatory activity (Table 5B).

TABLE 5 B ACS adsorbed peptides Synthesized albumin pepides Per cent Start Adsorbed Sequence Start End Peptide Sequence End 0.71 (K)KYLYEIAR (R) 161 168 3026 NEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAP 153-176 0.64 (K)KVPQVSTPTLVEVSR 438 452 3029 KVPQVSTPTLVEVSR 438-452 (N) 0.60 (K)VFDEFKPLVEEPQNLI 397 413 3028 VFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIK 397-413 K (Q) 0.20 (K)ONCELFEQLGEYK (F) 414 426 3027 ELFEQLGEYKFQNALLVR 417-434 Related E5K peptide 2605 (3026) NEETFLKKYLYE 153-168 Related E5K peptide 2608 (3027) ELFEQLGEYKF 417-427

Immunomodulatory Activity of Peptides Generated by Trypsin

Effect of peptides on dHSA modulated PHA induced proliferation of PBMCs Two of the peptides in the new series, 3026 and 3028, were tested and compared to peptide 2605 in an analysis for their effect on dHSA modulated PHA stimulated proliferation (FIG. 9). PHA induced proliferation of PBMCs from two healthy controls was further stimulated by dHSA. As shown in FIG. 9, all peptides inhibited the stimulatory activity of dHSA at the two PHA concentrations used. Also in this experiment, the degree of stimulation of PBMCs has an impact on the results.

Effect of Peptides on Interleukin-2 Induced Proliferation of PBMCs

The peptides of the new series, 3026-3029, were also tested for their effect on IL-2 induced proliferation. As shown in FIG. 10A, ¾ peptides, 3026, 3027 and 3029, had no statistically significant activity. In contrast, peptide 3028 was highly inhibitory (p=0.005). It is interesting to note that this inhibitory effect was completely reversed by modulation of the Fc-receptor cross-linking (FIG. 10B) similar to the situation previously described for IL-2 related immunosuppression in renal cell carcinoma (WO 03/099312 A1).

Effect of the New Series of Peptides on Cytokine Production by PBMCs

The effect of the new series of peptides showed a considerable difference in effect even between healthy control individuals (FIG. 11). Peptide 3026 had no certain effect in one of the controls (PBMC 2), but had a clear biphasic effect in the other (PBMC1). In the latter case, the IL-6 production was stimulated at the three highest concentrations and was clearly inhibited at the lowest concentration. Peptide 3027 was slightly stimulatory in one of the controls and had an inhibitory effect in the other. Similar results were also found with peptide 3028. Peptide 3029 had a slight stimulatory effect in only one of the controls, at the two highest concentrations. It is interesting to note that all peptides except 3029 had an immunomodulatory effect at a concentration as low 10 ng/ml. Thus, all peptides had an effect in at least one of the analysed controls.

Similar to the effect of the new series of peptides on PBMC from healthy controls, also PBMC from cancer patients showed considerable inter-individual differences (FIG. 12). Peptides 3026 and 3027 both had a stimulatory effect in the renal cell carcinoma patient and in addition peptide 3027 also stimulated one of the melanoma patients. The other two peptides, 3028 and 3029, had essentially no effects in these tests. In contrast to the situation in the controls, no inhibitory effects were seen.

Binding of Peptides Generated by Asparaginase Degradation of dHSA by Cell Surface Receptors

The full peptide sequence of albumin is not recovered using the MALDI-TOF technique after trypsin degradation. In addition, some sequences with the capacity to bind to cell surface receptors of immune cells, might have been degraded by trypsin treatment. Therefore, the same experimental procedure as described above was used also for a peptide mixture obtained by degradation using asparaginase. The resulting ACS binding peptides are shown in Table 6A and B.

In addition to the peptides generated by trypsin degradation another six peptides with a molecular weight of 700-3600 Da were found to be efficiently adsorbed (>65%) by the cell surface structures on the ACS column (Table 6A)

TABLE 6 A ACS Adsorbed ASP-DHSA Per cent adsobed Sequence Start End 1.00 DHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVA 62-79 1.00 DDKETCFAEEGKKLVAASQAALGL 586-609 0.87 DRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEV 495-517 0.86 DETYVPKEFNAETFTHA 518-535 0.65 DSISSKLKECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVEN 293-319 0.65 DKLCTVATLRETYGEM 96-112

Seven peptides of a molecular weight between 3200 and 9000 Da were found to be completely adsorbed by ACS and for one of the peptides of this group, 37% was bound. In this analysis another 9 peptides were not at all bound by ACS.

TABLE 6 B ACS Adsorbed ASP-DHSA Per cent adsorbed Sequence Start End 1.00 YSVVLL LRLAKTYETT LEKCCAAADP 364-398 HECYAKVF 1.00 KLCT VATLRETYGE MA DCCAKQEP  96-130 ERNECFLQHK 1.00 ICTLSEKERQIKKQ TALVELVKHK 536-572 PKATKEQLKA VM 1.00 LAKYICE NQDSISSKLK ECCEKPLLEK 283-319 SHCIAEVEN 1.00 VF LGMFLYEYAR RHPDYSVVLL 348-388 LRLAKTYETT LEKCCAAA 1.00 LGE ENFKALVLIA FAQYLQQCPF 37-79 EDHVKLVNEV TEFAKTCVA 1.00 RVTKC CTESLVNRRP CFSALEV DET YVPKEFNAET FTFHA 495-535 0.37 YLSVVLNQLCVLHEK TPVS DRVTKC CCTESLVNRRP FSALEV 475-517

Two peptides in this group did not bind at all and for one peptide (SISSKLKECCEKPLLEK SHCIAEVEN DEMPA) contradictory results were obtained regarding adsorption by ACS.

Thus, asparaginase treatment generates peptide sequences other than those generated by trypsin, which efficiently bind to cell surface structures of immune cells. Based on results described above these structures will most likely have an immunomodulating activity.

Occurrence of ACS Binding Fragments of IgG in Cancer Patients

In order to further identify the occurrence of immune cell binding structures in vivo, blood plasma was prepared and affinity chromatography was performed as described above. The substances bound by the ACS column were eluted, fractionated on 2D gel-electrophoresis and identified using the MALDI TOF technique. As expected the areas of the 2D gel corresponding to albumin and immunoglobulins were identified. In addition, other immune cell binding substances were also identified (FIG. 13). The binding of some variety of albumin, presumably damaged albumin carrying conformational changes, to immune cells has been previously described by several groups. The new immune cell binding structures found in this investigation are summarized in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Proteins identified by MALDI-TOF ms. 1. IgA heavy chain variable region Acc. #: 3004672 2. Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable and joining Acc. #: 2198477 regions 3. Immunoglobulin heavy chain Acc. #: 1669777 Ig heavy chain V region (clone LUNm03) Acc. #: 484974 4. SERTA domain-containing protein 2 (TRIP-Br2) Acc. #: Q14140 5. Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region Acc. #: 42632530

Thus, besides serum albumin also other normally occurring proteins are substrates for generation of immunoregulatory fragments.

Thus it can be concluded and as it is clearly shown in the present patent application that sequences of normally occurring proteins such as serum albumin and IgG bind to cell surface receptors of immune cells and have immunoregulatory activity. Both stimulatory and inhibitory sequences have been identified. In addition, cross-linking of receptors on immune cells was found to be one mechanism whereby the function of these cells can be modulated.

Human Ex Vivo Model for Evaluation of Immunosuppression in Cancer Patients

IL-2 is of fundamental importance for initiation and stimulation of an immune response and the activity of this cytokine is often inhibited in cancer related immunosuppression. Therefore, a human ex vivo model for immunosuppression in cancer patients (FIGS. 14 and 15) was set up for evaluation of possible inhibitory immunoregulatory peptides.

The response to IL-2 in this model was demonstrated to correlate to over-all survival of the patients (FIG. 15). Immunosuppression in this human ex vivo model is mediated by serum factors, as the proliferative capacity of PBMCs from healthy controls is significantly inhibited if these cells are cultured with cancer patient sera in the medium (FIG. 16).

Identification of Additional Immunoregulatory Peptides

Artificial cell surface columns (ACS) were used in order to identify peptide sequences from albumin binding to immune cell surface receptors. After biotinylation, such receptors were bound to streptavidin beads. Peptides binding to such columns were after elution identified by the MALDI-TOF technique. Based on these results and their relation to previously identified albumin peptides, five peptides were synthesized. Their immunoregulatory activity was primarily tested on the response to IL-2.

The effect of different peptides on IL-2 induced proliferation was analysed in the human ex vivo model. The 3028 peptide regularly inhibits IL-2 induced proliferation, but none of the other peptides identified by their binding to the artificial cell surface had any inhibitory activity (FIG. 17). As the C-terminal part of peptide 3028 contains a previously identified immunoregulatory structure, E5K, the effect of five peptides containing this structure was also tested on IL-2 induced proliferation, but these showed only a minimal or no inhibitory activity.

The inhibitory activity of peptide 3028 on IL-2 induced proliferation can be demonstrated also in cultures with cancer patient PBMCs, even if the response to IL-2 was already suppressed (FIG. 18) As immunosuppression in cancer is characterized by a poor response to IL-2, inhibition of the activity of this albumin neo-structure in cancer patients has a great capacity to overcome cancer related immunosuppression. This peptide inhibits one of the fundamental mechanisms in initiation and up-regulation of an immune response, it will therefore most likely be of great value in down-regulation of the immune reactivity in chronic inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.

Further Characterization of the Effect of Peptide 3028 on IL-Induced Proliferation

As certain albumin neo-structures have previously been found to have immunomodulatory activity and the C-terminal part of peptide 3028 has a similar structure, the C- and N-terminal parts of peptide 3028 were synthesized and analyzed separately and in combination. Obviously the inhibitory activity of the two parts of peptide 3028 is much weaker (FIG. 19).

Characterization of a Rabbit Antiserum and Affinity Purified Rabbit Antibodies Directed Against the 3028 Peptide

Rabbit antisera directed against the albumin peptide 3028 Binds to dHSA and to a lesser extent to kHSA. Two antisera, R and L, from two different rabbits were tested. These serum antibodies bind preferentially to the 3325 but not to the 3218 fragment of 3028. Similar results are also obtained with the affinity purified antibodies (see FIG. 21).

Immunomodulatory Effect of Affinity Purified Rabbit Antibodies Directed Against the 3028 Peptide

As shown in FIG. 22, inhibition of the proliferative response to IL-2 was over-come in immunosuppressed cancer patients (FIG. 22A) and normal controls with down-regulation of the immune reactivity (FIG. 22B) having a proliferative rate of less than 100 000 dpm in the human ex vivo model. The anti-3028 antibodies had no effect when the proliferative rate is in the normal range.

Polyclonal rabbit IgG was added to control cultures in order to make sure that the effect of the affinity purified antibodies was not due to an unspecific activity of rabbit IgG in this model. Rabbit IgG had only minimal activity. The specificity of the anti-3028 antibodies was further demonstrated as the stimulatory effect of these antibodies was neutralized by a small amount of peptide 3028 having no inhibitory activity per se. In addition adsorption of inhibitory sera by gel to which anti-3028 antibodies were bound reduced the inhibitory activity of such sera.

Similar to the results in the autologous ex vivo model the immunosuppressor activity of sera from persons with a low proliferative response to IL-2 was over-come by addition of the anti-3028 antibodies to the cultures.

Binding of Anti-3028 Antibodies to/Expression of the 3028 Epitope in/Malignant Tumours

Structures to which anti-3028 antibodies bind are widely expressed in human malignant tumours, e.g. malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer (see FIG. 23).

The Receptor of Peptide 3028:

Binding of 3028 to LFA-1

Similar to the results described above for cancer patients sera and the previously identified immunoregulatory peptides the 3028 peptide have the capacity to modulate the binding of the LFA-1 antibody (HI 111) to LFA-1 of mononuclear blood cells. Both inhibition (FIG. 24) and enhancement of the binding have been demonstrated, reasonably depending on the structure of LFA-1 (activated or inactivated form) when the cytospin preparations of the cells were prepared. Also the C- and N-terminal parts of this peptide has been shown to have some inhibitory activity (FIG. 24).

In agreement with these results and the effect of the 3028 peptide on IL-2 induced proliferation, it is of quite some interest to note that the anti-LFA-1 antibody used in these experiments is a potent inhibitor of IL-2 induced proliferation. Similar results have previously been published by Vyth-Dreese et al. (1993).

Binding of 3028 to the α-Chain (CD25) of the IL-2 Receptor

As peptide 3028 significantly inhibits the proliferative response to IL-2, the amino acid sequence of this peptide was compared to that of IL-2 and certain similarities were found at the receptor binding site of IL-2 (Table 8).

TABLE 8 Homologies in amino acid sequence of albumin peptide 3028 and a segment of human inter- leukin-2, which participate in the interaction of interleukin-2 with interleukin-2 receptor alpha (CD25). Peptide 3028: V F D E F K P L V E E P Q N L I K Human IL-2: E L K P L E E (a.a. 61-72)

Based on this observation, the effect of peptide 3028 on the binding of IL-2 to CD25 was studied. The fusion protein of CD25 and the Fc-part of IgG was bound to protein G coated micro-plates/ELISA plates and the plates were incubated with biotinylated IL-2 with or without peptide 3028 present. Amazingly, the binding of IL-2 to CD25 was enhanced by peptide 3028, indicating a three-part interaction between IL-2, CD25 and 3028. Even if the binding of IL-2 to CD25 is enhanced the proper assembly of the high affinity receptor and/or signal transduction is blocked as peptide 3028 is a potent inhibitor of IL-2 induced proliferation (see above).

Next, it was demonstrated using computer assisted molecular modeling that peptide 3028 binds to CD25 at the IL-2 binding site (FIG. 25). It can thus be concluded that peptide 3028 has a dual immunoregulatory capacity by binding both to LFA-1 and the IL-2 receptor.

Peptide 3028, Optimal Immunosuppressive Structure:

The Physiological Inhibitory Peptide

Based on the results described above (difference in anti-proliferative activity of peptides 3218 an 3325, specificity of the affinity purified antibodies directed to peptide 3325 and not to peptide 3218, immunomodulatory activity these antibodies, and the effect of these peptides on the binding of the anti-LFA-1 mAb to immune cells) it can be concluded that neither of the minor peptides, 3218 or 3325, are as efficient as the complete peptide, 3028 (FIG. 26). However, both peptides inhibit the binding of mAb HI 111 to LFA-1. One reasonable explanation to this is that both of the minor peptides contribute to the full activity of the inhibitory effect of peptide 3028. It is thus logic to extend peptide 3325 with the N-terminal amino acids of peptide 3218. As the C-terminal extension of peptide 3325 is a lysine it would be of quite some interest to produce longer peptides in order test the possibility that the longer peptides are even more efficient than peptide 3028.

In order to maintain the physiological nature of this inhibitory peptide, the only relevant modifications of its structure is to change its length as discussed above.

This program will thus clarify the optimal structure of peptide 3028 to be used as an immunosuppressive drug for treatment of IL-2 related/dependent pathological conditions/diseases such as T-cell malignancies, allograft rejection of organ transplants, graft versus host disease (GVH), ischemia reperfusion, chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and some autoimmune diseases. The rational for the therapeutic use the immunoinhibitory peptide 3028 in these conditions is demonstrated by the therapeutic activity of monoclonal antibodies directed against CD25 (the Tac-recptor)

TABLE 9 3028 3325 3218 PHECYAK VFDEFKPLVE EPQNLIK QNCELFEQ Some antiprolifer- Some antiprolifer- ative activity ative activity Weak binding to Weak binding to LFA-1 LFA-1 Binds to affinity Does not bind to purified antibodies affinity purified antibodies

Comments on the Present Immunoregulatory Mechanism

As immunosuppression in cancer is characterized by a poor response to IL-2, inhibition of the activity of this albumin neo-structure in cancer patients have a great capacity to overcome cancer related immunosuppression. This peptide inhibits one of the fundamental mechanisms in initiation and up-regulation of an immune response, it will therefore most likely be of great value in down-regulation of the immune reactivity in chronic inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.

The immunoregulatory 3028-structure described in the present patent application is generated by a physiological mechanism present in inflammation and cancer. Therapeutic strategies based on these targets will therefore be generally applicable.

Based on current data the mechanism of action is species specific therefore analogous animal models are not applicable. Proof of concept is obtained in a human ex vivo model where the results correlates to over-all survival of cancer patients

Antibodies Specific for Albumin Peptide 3028 for Therapeutic Use

Antibodies, full-length or fragments, with specificity for 3028, as well as for any of the peptides, fragments, neo-structures and/or neo-epitopes disclosed in SEQ.ID.NO(s). 1-81, should preferably be either humanized or fully human for therapeutic applications. Such antibodies can be produced utilizing a number of established technologies.

To humanize an animal (e.g. mouse) monoclonal antibody, recombinant approaches are used to graft the complementary determining regions (CDRs) from an animal-derived hybridoma immunoglobulin cDNA to the corresponding regions of a matched human immunoglobulin cDNA. The resulting recombinant antibody can then be expressed and produced in a variety of organisms, f.ex. bacteria or mammalian cell lines.

Fully human antibodies can be obtained primarily through three different approaches; 1) by rescuing naturally occurring antibodies from immune human donors through Epstein Barr virus (EBV) transformation of B cells or through PCR-cloning and phage display. 2) by immunizing and producing hybridomas from transgenic mice, which have been created with a repertoire of human immunoglobulin germline gene sequences. 3) by screening synthetic phage libraries containing human antibody variable (V-) region genes and selecting antigen-binding V-regions through phage display. The selected antibody is then cloned.

There are now multiple commercial companies that develop human antibodies towards a defined protein/peptide on a for-fee basis. In addition, new “antibody-like” molecules (f.ex. anticalins, affilin, affibodies) are rapidly being developed and produced as potential drug candidates. (For a review, see for example: Peterson NC. Advances in monoclonal antibody technology: Genetic engineering of mice, cells and immunoglobulins. ILAR Journal, 2005, 46:314-9.)

Effect of Albumin Peptides on Cytotoxic Activity of Natural Killer (NK) Cells from Healthy Blood Donors

Results

The NK cytotoxic activity of blood mononuclear cells from four healthy donors were tested. As seen in FIGS. 28 and 29, the presence of peptide 3028 and, to a lesser degree, peptide 3026 reduced the percent specific lysis of K562 target cells by all four donors. Inhibition was not seen in the presence of peptide 3027, however.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of Denatured Human Serum Albumin (dHSA)

Human serum albumin (HSA) infusion solution (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) was denatured and reduced by resuspending it at a final concentration of 10 mg/ml in 8 M urea and 10 mM dithiothretiol (both from Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, Mo.) in 50 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.9) for 2 h at 25° C. The HSA was then alkylated by the addition of 60 mM iodoacetamide (Sigma) and further incubated for 2 h at 25° C. in the dark. The HSA solution was diluted to a concentration of 100 ug/ml with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Gibco BRL) and dialyzed extensively against PBS using Spectrapore 4 dialysis tubing with a cut-off of mw 12000 (Spectrum Europe, Breda, The Netherlands). Control HSA was prepared in parallel by incubating HSA at 10 mg/m in Tris-HCL (pH 7.9) followed by dialysis. Before use in tissue culture experiments the dHSA was sterile filtered through a 0.22 m syringe filter (Millipore Co, MA, USA). DHSA was either stored at 4° C. or freeze dried and stored at −20° C.

Enzymatic Cleavage of dHSA with Low-Dose of Trypsin

Buffer exchange to 25 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 8, was performed on denatured HSA with Sephadex-G25 gel filtration (PD-10 desalting columns, Amersham Biosciences Europe, Uppsala, Sweden). Protein exchange was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay based on the Bradford dye-binding procedure following the manufacturer's recommendations (Bio-Rad Laboratories AB, Sundbyberg, Sweden). Sequencing grade modified trypsin (Promega, Madison, concentration after buffer WI) was added at a final concentration of 2, 0,2 or 0,02 ng/ml to denatured HSA (49 ug/ml). Alternatively, as a control, the equivalent amount of trypsin dilution buffer (50 mM C₂H₄O₂) was added. The mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours. Trypsin activity was stopped by passage of the sample over a column with soy bean trypsin inhibitor cross-linked to CNBr activated agarose (Sigma).

Complete Enzymatic Cleavage of dHSA with High Dose Trypsin Followed by Incubation with mAb A for Epitope Mapping

Eight μg of low-dose trypsin-treated dHSA was freeze dried and then dissolved in 16 l of sequencing grade modified trypsin (at 5 μg/ml) (Promega) and incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours. A portion (10 μl) of the tryptic digested peptides was reacted with the monoclonal antibody (mAb A) at a final concentration of 0.3 mg/ml for 2 hours at room temperature. The samples were stored at 4° C. over night and then analysed by MALDI TOF MS (see below).

Incubation of dHSA with mab Followed by Complete Enzymatic Cleavage with Trypsin for Epitope Mapping

Denatured, low-dose trypsin-treated HSA (8 μg) in 25 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 8, was incubated with 8 μg of the monoclonal antibody (mAb A) or with a PBS control for 2 hours at 4° C. A separate control consisting of 8 μg monoclonal antibody in 25 mM NH₄HCO₃ alone was also incubated in parallel. The samples were vortexed briefly every 10 min. The samples were then immediately dried over night in a SpeedVac vaccum concentrator (Savant, Farmingdale, N.Y.). The samples were then dissolved in 16 μl of sequencing grade, modified trypsin at 5 μg/ml (Promega) and incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours. The samples were stored at 4° C. over night and then analysed by MALDI TOF MS (see below).

Incubation of dHSA with mab Followed by Enzymatic Cleavage with Trypsin with Ultrafiltration Under Acidic Conditions for Epitope Mapping

Denatured HSA (80 μg) was incubated with mAb A (10 μg) in PBS for 18 h at room temperature. To remove free dHSA, the dHSA-mAb A reaction mixture was centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm in an Amicon Ultra-15 ultrafilter with a molecular weight cut-off at 100 000 Da (Millipore Co., Billerica, Mass.). The retentate was diluted in 25 mM NH₄HCO₃ and again centrifuged as described above. The retentate was transferred to a sterile eppendorf microcentrifuge tube in 0.4 ml 25 mM NH₄HCO₃ and 0.4 μg sequencing grade modified trypsin (Promega) was added. Digestion was carried out at 37° C. over night with gentle agitation. Trypsin and free (not antibody-bound) albumin fragments were removed by ultrafiltration on a Amicon Ultra-4 filter (mw cut-off 30 000 Da, Millipore Co.) for 5 min at 3000 rpm. This was repeated three times. The retentate was then transferred to a new ultra filter where the mAb A was disassociated from bound albumin by the addition of 600 μl 0.1 M glycine-HCl, pH 2.7, for 30 min at room temperature after which the ultra filter was centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 rpm. The filtrate was transferred to a sterile Eppendorf microcentrifuge tube and neutralized with Tris-HCl, pH 9. The sample was then immediately dried over night in a SpeedVac vacuum concentrator. The samples were then dissolved in 16 μl of sequencing grade modified trypsin (at 5 μg/ml) (Promega) and incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours. Zip Tip pipette tips (Millipore) containing C₁₈ chromatorgraphy media were used for desalting before the sample was analysed by MALDI TOF ms (see below).

MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry

1 μl of each sample of the tryptic digestion was mixed with 1 μl of a saturated solution of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinamic acid (0.02 mg/ml) in 70% acetonitrile/0.3% trifluoro acetic acid. 1 μl that mixture was spotted on a stainless steel target plate and analysed using MALDI-TOF ms (Voyager-DE PRO, Applied Biosystems, CA, US) equipped with a 337 nm N₂ laser. Database searches for masses corresponding to human serum albumin in the resulting spectra were performed in NCBI or SwissProt with MS-Fit as search engine.

Albumin Peptides

All synthetic albumin peptides used herein were custom prepared by CSBio Co, Menlo Park, Calif. Peptides were >95% pure as confirmed by HPLC. Peptides were kept freeze dried at minus 20° C. Peptides were reconstituted in sterile H₂O (Sigma) for use in ELISA or in RPMI1640 (GIBCO) for use in cell culture experiments. Peptides were sterile filtered through a 0.22 μm syringe filter (Millipore Co) before use in cell culture experiments.

Anti-dHSA ELISA, co-incubation of anti-dHSA mAb A with synthetic albumin peptides Duplicate wells in Hi-binding microtitre plates (Costar 2592, Corning Inc, NY, USA) were coated with 100 μl of dHSA diluted in PBS at 4.5 μg/ml and incubated at room temperature overnight. The wells where then washed with wash buffer consisting of 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS (Sigma) followed by blocking for 1 hr at 25° C. with 200 μl 0.5% gelatin prepared from bovine skin (Sigma) in PBS followed by washing in wash buffer. The monoclonal antibody mAb A, diluted in ELISA reagent diluent (0.01% gelatin and 0.05% Tween-20 in 20 mM Tris buffered saline (TBS, Sigma)) at 4 ug/ml was pre-incubated for 1 hr at room temperature with the indicated concentrations of the peptides. 100 μl of the monoclonal antibody alone, or, alternatively, the monoclonal antibody mixed with peptides, was then added per well and incubated for 1.5 hr at 25° C. followed by washing. Envision-HRP (DakoCytomation Norden NS, Glostrup, Denmark) diluted 1/10 in ELISA reagent diluent was added and the plates incubated for 15 min at 25° C. followed by washing. Finally, substrate solution consisting of H₂O₂ and tetramethylbenzidine (R&D Systems Europe, Ltd, Abingdon, UK) was added. The reaction was stopped with 1M H₂SO₄ and the optical density measured as absorbance (A) at dual wavelengths, 450 nm and 570 nm, with a Multiscan EX microplate reader (Labsystems).

Correlation of Immunohistological Staining of Biopsies with an Anti-dHSA mab (mAb A) and Survival in Patients with Malignant Melanoma

Biopsies from tumours obtained from twenty patients diagnosed with metastatic malignant melanoma were immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70° C. until use. Frozen tissue sections, 6-7 μm thick, were cut, thawed and fixed with acetone for 5 min at room temperature. The sections were first blocked with 10% normal human AB-serum for 1 h before staining. Primary antibody, consisting of monoclonal mouse anti-human denatured albumin (mAb-A) diluted in Tris buffered saline (TBS, pH 7.6) at 10 μg/ml, was then added and the slides incubated for 30 min. The slides were washed in TBS followed by Envision-Alkaline Phosphatase (DakoCytomation) for 30 min. After additional washing in TBS, the slides were incubated in alkaline phoshatase substrate consisting of Fast Red TR salt (Sigma), naphtol AS-MX (Sigma) and 5 mM levamisol (Sigma) to block endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity, for 20 min followed by washing in TBS. They were then counterstained in Mayer's haematoxylin for 1 minute and mounted in Glycergel (Dakopatts). Monoclonal mouse IgG1 against an irrelevant antigen (Aspergillus niger glukosoxidase, DakoCytomation) was used as a negative control. All incubations were performed at room temperature in a moist chamber. Intensity of staining was evaluated in a light microscope and was ranked as low, medium or high. Survival between groups was analysed according to Kaplan Meyer and a log rank analyses.

Isolation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC)

Venous blood was drawn from healthy volunteers or from cancer patients in glass vaccum tubes with acid dextrose citrate solution A as anti-coagulant (Vacutainer, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.). Erythrocytes were removed by sedimentation on 2% dextran T500 solution (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech AB, Uppsala, Sweden) in 0.9% NaCl (this step was omitted for cultures with PHA-stimulation-see below). PBMC were then isolated by Ficoll-paque Plus (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Uppsala, Sweden) density gradient centrifugation after which the cells were washed twice in RPMI 1640 Dutch's modification (Gibco, InVitrogen AB, Stockholm, Sweden) with 2% human serum albumin (HSA) (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Stockholm, Sweden) (RPMI/2%HSA). For cell cultures with PHA-stimulation, PBMC were washed in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) with 10% autologous plasma instead of RPMI/2%HSA. Cell viability was assessed by exclusion of 0.05% Trypan Blue and was always above 95%. The cell suspension was stained with Turk's solution and the number of lymphocytes and monocytes in the PBMC preparation were counted in a hemocytometer. PBMCs were suspended in RPMI/2%HSA and the cell concentration adjusted to 5×10⁵ lymphocytes/ml.

Serum

Human serum was collected i serum collection tubes without additives (Vacutainer, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) at the same time as blood samples for isolation of PBMC. The sera were heat-inactivated at 56° C. for 30 minutes.

PHA-Induced Proliferation of PBMC in the Presence of Albumin Peptides and/or dHSA

PBMC from healthy volunteers, were resuspended in RPMI1640 with or without the addition of dHSA and/or albumin peptides, as indicated, at a cell concentration of 5×10⁵ lymphocytes/ml. 100 μl of the cell suspension were seeded into round-bottomed microtiter plates (Corning, N.Y., USA) followed by 100 μl of culture medium consisting of RPMI 1640 (Flow Laboratories, Irvine, Scotland) supplemented with 200 IU/ml Penicillin, 200 μg/ml Streptomycin (Flow laboratories) and 20% heat inactivated autologous serum. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P, Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, Mo.) at a final concentration of 5 or 10 μg/ml was then added. All culture conditions were set up in triplicate wells. Cells were cultured for 3 days in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37° C. Proliferation was assayed by incorporating of 1.6 μCi/well of [³H]thymidine (Amersham International, UK) during the last 18 hr. Mean values of disintegrations per minute (dpm) of triplicates were used for the calculations.

LPS-Induced IL-6 Production, Effect of Peptides

100 μl of culture medium consisting of RPMI1640 supplemented with 200 IU/ml penicillin, 200 μg/ml streptomycin, 4 mM L-glutamine (Sigma Chemical, MO, US) and 20% fresh heat-inactivated autologous serum were added to un-coated or -pre-coated microtiter plates followed by 100 μl of PBMC suspension (5×10⁴ lymphocytes) in RPMI/2%HSA with peptides at the indicated concentrations. Lipoplysaccharide (LPS, Sigma Chemical Co, MO, US) was added at a final concentration of 0.05 ng/ml. Cells were cultured in a humidified, 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37° C. All assay conditions were set up in triplicate wells. Supernatants (SNs) were harvested after 24 hrs and residual cells were removed by centrifugation in a refrigerated centrifuge (Beckman) at 2600×g for 5 minutes. SNs were frozen and stored at −70° C. IL-6 in cell culture SNs was measured by ELISA using the DuoSet° ELISA development kit for human IL-6 (R&D Systems Europe, Ltd., Abingdon, UK) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. The lower limit of detection was 3.1 pg/ml. Samples were analysed as mean of triplicate wells.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Induced Proliferation of PBMC in the Presence of Albumin Peptides in Coated and Uncoated Tissue Culture Plates

Round-bottomed, 96-well tissue culture plates (Costar, Corning Inc. NY, US) were pre-coated with HSA only or HSA and pooled human IgG for intravenous injection (Gammagard, Baxter AS, DK) as follows; HSA was diluted in RPMI1640 without supplements to a concentration of 10 mg/ml. A mixture of 1 mg/ml IgG in a solution of 9 mg/ml HSA in RPMI (HSA/IgG) was also prepared. 200 μl of HSA or HSA/IgG were then added to each well of the plate. The plates were incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes after which the wells were washed twice with 200 μl of RPMI1640. The coated plates were used immediately. 100 μl of RPMI1640 supplemented with 200 IU/ml penicillin, 200 μl/ml streptomycin, 4 mM L-glutamine (all from Sigma Chemical Co. MO, US) and 20% heat-inactivated human serum (autologous) were added to the HSA or HSA/IgG coated tissue culture microtiter wells. PBMC, isolated from healthy individuals, were diluted in RPMI/2%HSA and peptides were added directly to the cell suspension at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. One hundred μl of this cell suspension (5×10⁴ lymphocytes) was then added per well providing a final concentration of 5 μg/ml peptide per well. IL-2 (Proleukin, Chiron, NL), at a final concentration of 120 IU/well, was added to the wells. Cells were cultured for 7 days in a humidified, 5% CO₂-atmosphere at 37° C. Proliferation was assayed by incorporation of 1.6 μCi/well of [3H]-thymidine (Amersham Int., UK) during the last 18 hrs. Mean values of dpm (disintegrations per minute) of triplicates were used for the calculations.

Immunocytochemical Staining of PBMC and a Human, Monocytic Cell Line with an Anti-Integrin (CD11a) Antibody in the Presence or Absence of Albumin Peptides

PBMC were separated as described above. Cultured THP-1 cells (obtained from the American Type Culture Collection through LGL Nordic AB, Sweden) were carefully washed and suspended in RPM11640. PBMC and THP-1 were immediately spun down on pre-cleaned microscope slides in a Shandon Cytospin (Shandon Scientific Ltd, UK) at 1000 RPM for 7 min at 2.5 or 5×10⁴ cellsper slide. The slides were left to dry at room temperature over night, after which they were wrapped in parafilm and stored at −70° C. Immediately before use, the cytospins were thawed and fixed with acetone for 5 min at room temperature. The cytospins were first blocked with 10% normal human AB-serum with and without albumin peptides (40 g/ml) for 1 h before staining. Primary antibody, consisting of a monoclonal mouse anti-human CD11a (clone HI111, BD Biosciences) diluted in Tris buffered saline (TBS, pH 7.6) at 5 μg/ml (THP-1) or 1 g/ml (PBMC), was added. The slides were incubated for 30 min and then washed in TBS followed by Envision-Alkaline Phosphatase (Dako Norden NS, Denmark) for 30 min. After additional washing in TBS, the slides were incubated in alkaline phoshatase substrate consisting of Fast Red TR salt (Sigma), naphtol AS-MX (Sigma) and 5 mM levamisol (Sigma) to block endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity, for 20 min followed by washing in TBS. They were then counterstained in Mayer's haematoxylin for 1 minute and mounted in Glycergel (Dako Norden NS). Monoclonal mouse IgG1 against an irrelevant antigen (Aspergillus niger glukosoxidase, Dako Norden NS) was used as a negative control. All incubations were performed at room temperature in a moist chamber.

Proteolytic Fragmentation of Denatured Human Serum Albumin (dHSA) with Trypsin or Endoproteinase ASP-N

Freeze dried dHSA (0.5 mg) was reconstituted in 25 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 8, containing 10 mg sequencing grade modified trypsin (Promega Corporation, WI) or 2 mg Endoproteinase ASP-N (Sigma) and incubated at 37° C. over night. To remove unfragmented albumin and enzyme, the sample was ultra filtered through an Amicon Ultra 4 (mw cut-off of 5000) or a Centriplus (mw cut-off 10000) centrifugal filter (Millipore AB, Solna, Sweden). The filtrate, containing fragmented dHSA without enzymes, was collected and diluted with PBS with Ca and Mg GIBCO).

Preparation of Cell Lysate from PBMC with Biotinylated Cell Surface Proteins (ACS)

Buffy coats generated from 450 ml blood each was collected from 4 healthy donors. Erythrocytes were removed by sedimentation on 2% dextran T500 solution (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech AB, Uppsala Sweden) in 0,9% NaCl. Mononuclear cells (PBMC) were then isolated by Ficoll-Paque Plus (GE Healthcare Bioscience AB Sweden) density gradient centrifugation. The PBMC were then suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing Ca and Mg (GIBCO) at a concentration of 10×10⁶/ml. EZ Link Sulfo-NHS-biotin (Pierce USA) was added at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml and the mixture inkubated on a shaker at room temperature for 10 min. Excess biotin was then removed by washing the PBMC in PBS. Biotinylated PBMC were then lysed by adding 1,0 ml ice-cold lysing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.5, with 0.15 M NaCl, 5 mM MgCl₂ containing 100 mM Octyl glucoside and 1 mM Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) per 2×10⁷ pelleted cells with gentle shaking, then incubated for 30 min. on ice. Debris was removed by centrifugation at 5000×g at 4° C. for 10 min and the supernatants was collected and pooled from all four donors. The lysate was then stored at −70° C. in polypropylene plastic tubes.

Preparation of affinity column with biotinylated cell surface proteins from mononuclear cells coupled to streptavidin-sepharose (used for adsorption of trypsin fragmented dHSA) 18 ml biotinylated cell lysate in lysate buffer was diluted 1/10 in binding buffer (20 mM NaH₂PO₄, 0,15 M NaCl, pH 7.5). This amount of lysate corresponds to 36×10⁷ mononuclear cells. It was added to a 1 ml Hitrap Streptavedin HP affinity column (Amersham Biosciences). To block possible remaining free biotin, 5 ml of 0.1 M glycine (Sigma) was added to the column. Unsaturated streptavedin on the column was then reacted with 150 ug biotin (Sigma) in binding buffer. The column was carefully washed with PBS and stored in PBS with 0.1% NaN₃ at 4° C. until use.

Preparation of affinity column with biotinylated cell surface proteins from mononuclear cells coupled to streptavidin-sepharose (used for adsorption of ASP-N fragmented dHSA) Biotinylated cell lysate in lysate buffer underwent buffer exchange by dialysis with Spectrapore 4 dialysis tubing (Spectrum Europe, Breda, The Netherlands) in binding buffer (20 mM NaH₂PO₄, 0,15 M NaCl pH 7.5). 27 ml biotinylated cell lysate in binding buffer (corresponding to 54×10⁷ mononuclear cells) was added to 1,5 ml washed Streptavidin Sepharose HP (Amersham Biosciences). To block possible remaining free biotin, 25 ml of 0.1 M glycine (Sigma) was added to the Streptavidin Sepharose. Unsaturated streptavedin was then reacted with 225 μg biotin (Sigma) in binding buffer. The Streptaivin Sepharose was carefully washed in PBS. One ml of the biotinylated cell lysate coupled Streptavidin Sepharose was then packed in an empty column (Tricorn Empty High Performance Column, Amersham Bioscience) and washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing Ca and Mg (GIBCO).

Adsorption of Enzyme Fragmented dHSA using an Affinity Column with Biotinylated Cell Surface Proteins (ACS)

Two ml of enzyme-fragmented dHSA in PBS, corresponding to a total of 0.2 mg protein, was passaged over the ACS column, prepared as described above. The flow-through was collected with consideration taken to void volume and dilution of adsorbed sample by collecting in small portions of 0.2 ml. Thirty ul of each sample, including a control sample that has not been adsorbed, were dried in a Speed-Vac centrifuge.

Mass Spectrometry

Dried samples were reconstituted in 10 ul of 0.1% TFA. Zip Tip pipette tips (Millipore, USA) containing C₁₈ reversed-phase media were used for desalting reconstituted samples. For analysis of samples in the mass range 700-3600 Da, μl of each Zip Tip eluted sample was mixed with 1 μl of a saturated solution of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinamic acid (0.02 mg/ml) in 70%acetonitrile/0.3% trifluoro acetic acid. For the analysis of samples in the mass range 1500-9000 Da, one pl of each Zip Tip eluted sample was mixed with 1 μl of sinapinic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid). 1 μl of the mixture was spotted on the MALDI plate and analysed using MALDI-TOF MS (Voyager-DE PRO, Applied Biosystems, CA, US). Mass identity search of resulting spectra was performed in the SwissProt or NCBI databases using MS-Fit.

Identification of Proteins in Human Plasma Binding to ACS

Affinity Chromatography of Plasma with ACS

Plasma was obtained by plasmapheresis from a patient diagnosed with malignant melanoma. The plasma was frozen at −20° C. Upon thawing the plasma was immediately clotted by the addition of CaCl₂ to a final concentration of 13 mM. The gelled plasma clot was removed by centrifugation at 3500 RPM for 7 min at 4° C. The plasma was then dialysed extensively against PBS using Spectrapore 4 dialysis tubing (Spectrum Europe, Breda, The Netherlands). An affinity column with biotinylated cell surface proteins from mononuclear cells coupled to streptavidin-sepharose (ACS-sepharose) was prepared as described above. 45 ml of the plasma was incubated with the ACS-sepharose over night at 4° C. with gentle agitation. The plasma-ACS sepharose was extensively washed with PBS. The washed ACS-sepharose was stored for five days at 4° C. in PBS with 0.1% NaN₃. The ACS-sepharose was packed in an empty column (Tricorn Empty High Performance Column, Amersham Bioscience) and bound proteins were eluted with 2 ml of 0.1 M Glycine-HCl, pH 2.7. The eluateed fraction was immediately neutralized with 1 M Tris buffer at pH 9 and freez dried.

2-D Gel Electrophoresis

Freeze dried samples were desalted by reconstituting in H₂O and 10% trichloro acetic acid (TCA) with 20 mM DTT in acetone. The samples were centrifuged at 13000 RPM for 5 min. The resulting pellet was washed twice with 20 mM DTT in acetone to remove TCA and finally dissolved in a rehydration buffer (8 M urea, 4% CHAPS, 10 mM DTT, 0.5% IPG buffer and a trace of orange G). Two-dimentional gel electrophoresis was performed in a horizontal 2-DE set-up (Multiphore/IPGphore, Pharmacia Biotech, SE) based on isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the first dimension and molecular mass in the second dimension. Briefly, samples were applied to IPG gels (Immobiline™ Dry strip, pH 3-10 NL, (GE Healthcare)) and focused overnight at 38060 Vh. SDS-PAGE was then carried out with Exelgel XL SDS 12-14 polyacrylamide precasted slab gels (Amersham Biosciences). Molecular weight standards were included in each run. Separated proteins were detected by silver stain according to the method of Shevenco. Tryptic digests of proteins spots were excised from the gel and analysed with MALDI-TOF ms as described above.

Cancer Patients

Patients, included in the analyses of over-all survival according to proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to interleukin-2, were diagnosed with systemic metastatic renal cell carcinoma. They were previously untreated and scheduled for Interelukin-2 treatment (Proleukin, Chiron, NL). Blood samples were taken prior to initiation of treatment. Patients included in other studies in this patent application are briefly described as appropriate in the result section.

Ex Vivo Model of IL-2 Related Immunosuppression; Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Induced Proliferation of PBMC

PBMC were isolated from venous blood samples from healthy blood donors (controls) or cancer patients. One hundred pl of culture medium (RPMI 1640 Dutch's modification (Gibco, InVitrogen AB, Stockholm, Sweden) supplemented with 200 IU/ml penicillin, 200 μl/ml streptomycin, 4 mM L-glutamine (all from Sigma Chemical Co. MO, US) and 20% heat-inactivated human serum) were added to round-bottomed, 96-well tissue culture plates (Costar, Corning Inc. NY, US). One hundred pl of PBMCs in RPMI/2% HSA (5×10⁴ lymphocytes) was then added per well followed by IL-2 (Proleukin, Chiron, NL) at a final concentration of 120 IU/well. Control wells without IL-2 was set up in parallel. Cells were cultured for 7 days in a humidified, 5% CO₂-atmosphere at 37° C. Cell proliferation was assayed by incorporation of 1.6 pCi/well of [3H]-thymidine (Amersham Int., UK) during the last 18-24 h hrs. Mean values of dpm (disintegrations per minute) of triplicate wells were used for the calculations. In cultures were serum collected from cancer patients were used instead of autologous serum, PBMCs were from blood type compatible donors.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced proliferation of PBMC in the presence of albumin peptides Cultures for IL-2 induced proliferation was set up with PBMC from healthy donors and autologous serum as described above with the exception that PBMC were first pre-incubated for 30 min at room temperature with the indicated albumin peptides at a concentration of 10 μg/ml.

Generation of Rabbit Antiserum Specific for Albumin Peptide 3028

Peptide 3028 was synthesized with a cysteine added to the N-terminus end and then conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as a carrier protein. Polyclonal antisera were generated by repeated immunizations of rabbits with KLH-conjugated peptide 3028 and Freund's adjuvants. For some experiments, the antisera were affinity purified by chromatography on peptide 3028-conjugated Ultralink Iodoacetyl gels (Pierce Biotechnology Inc.). For cell culture experiments, buffer exchange to RPMI 1640 Dutch's modification (Gibco, InVitrogen AB, Stockholm, Sweden) was performed by passage over PD-10 sephadex columns (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) followed by filter sterilization on 0.22 μm Millex syringe filters (Millipore Co., MA, USA). Rabbit immunizations and purification of antisera were carried out by Agrisera AB, Sweden.

ELISA with Rabbit-Anti 3028 Antiserum

Duplicate wells in Hi-binding microtitre plates (Costar 2592, Corning Inc, NY, USA) were coated with 100 μl of peptide 3028 (10 ug/ml), denatured HSA (denHSA, 4.5 ug/ml) or control HSA (4.5 ug/ml). All coating reagent were diluted in PBS and incubated at room temperature overnight. The wells where then washed with wash buffer consisting of 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS (Sigma) followed by blocking for 1 hr at 25° C. with 200 μl 0.5% gelatin prepared from bovine skin (Sigma) in PBS followed by washing in wash buffer. Rabbit preimmune sera or anti-3028 sera , diluted 1/1000 000 in ELISA reagent diluent (0.01% gelatin and 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS), were added and incubated for 1 h at 25° C. followed by washing.

Biotinylated horse anti-rabbit/mouse IgG (Vectastain ELITE, Vetor Laboratories Inc, CA, USA) diluted ⅕ in ELISA reagent diluent was then added and the plates incubated for 1 h at 25° C. followed by washing. Next, HRP-conjugated strreptavidine (R&Dsystems Europe, Ltd, UK) was added. Finally, after washing in wash buffer, substrate solution consisting of H₂O₂ and tetramethylbenzidine (R&D Systems) was added. The reaction was stopped with 1M H₂SO₄ and the optical density measured as absorbance (A) at dual wavelengths, 450 nm and 570 nm, with a Multiscan EX microplate reader (Labsystems).

Inhibition of Rabbit Anti-3028 ELISA by Albumin Peptides

To test if albumin peptides inhibited the binding of the rabbit anti-3028 to 3028 coated wells, rabbit antisera, diluted 1/1000 000 in ELISA reagent diluent, was pre-incubated for 1 hr at room temperature with the indicated concentrations of the peptides. 100 μl of the monoclonal antibody alone, or, alternatively, the monoclonal antibody mixed with peptides, was then added to 3028 coated wells and the ELISA carried out as described.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Induced Proliferation of PBMC in the Presence of Affinity Purified Rabbit Anti-3028

Cultures to test the immunomodulary effect of affinity purified rabbit antibodies specific for 3028 was performed as described above for IL-2 induced proliferation with the following exceptions; 2% HSA was omitted from the washing medium and from the PBMC suspension medium. Serum containing culture medium (100 ul/well) was pre-incubated with 20 ug/ml of rabbit antibodies for 30 min at room temperature before the addition of 100 ul PBMC suspension to the culture wells.

Immunohistochemical Staining of Tumor Biopsies with Rabbit Anti-3028

Tissue sections were prepared from formalin fixed biopsies from cancer patients. Sections were de-paraffinased and blocked with 10% normal, human AB-serum in Hank's balanced salt solution supplemented with 0.01 M Hepes (BSS, GIBCO BRL) for one h prior to staining. Sections were then stained with 10 ug/ml affinity purified rabbit anti-3028 diluted in BSS with 2% AB-serum and 0.1 g/ml saponin for 30 min. After washing in BSS with 0.1 g/ml saponin, Ultravison One alkaline phosphatatase polymer specific for mouse and rabbit Ig (Lab Vision Co., CA, USA) was added. Excess polymer was then washed from the sections with BSS with 0.1 g/ml saponin. Bound polymer complex was the detected by naphthol phosphate substrate and liquid Fast Red chromogen (Lab Vision Corp.) The sections were counter stained in Mayer's haematoxylin and mounted in Glycergel.

Effect of Albumin Peptides on Cytotoxic Activity of Natural Killer (NK) Cells from Healthy Bood Donors

Mononuclear cells were separated by standard Ficoll-paque Plus (Pharmacia AB, Sweden) density gradient centrifugation from heparinized blood obtained from healthy donors. NK cell cytotoxic activity of the mononuclear cells was then tested using a commercial kit (NKTEST, Orpegen Pharma GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) following the manufacturers protocol. Briefly, the kit contains cryopreserved, NK-sensitive target cells (K562) labelled with a lipophilic green fluorescent membrane dye, which enables discrimination of effector and target cells. After incubation with effector cells, killed target cells are identified by a DNA-stain, which penetrates and specifically stain the nuclei of dead target cells. This way the percentage of killed targets can be determined by flow cytometry. The mononuclear cells were pre-incubated for 30 min at 37 oC with the indicated peptides (peptides have been described previously) at 10 ug/ml. Target cells were then added, giving an effector:target ratio of 40:1, and the cell mixture incubated at 37 oC for 3-4 hours. Samples were analysed on a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.).

FIGURE LEGENDS

FIG. 1. This diagram shows that some peptides containing the E5K sequence inhibit the binding of mAb A to ELISA plates coated with dHSA. Obviously there is some differences in the inhibitory activity of the tested peptides.

FIG. 2. Effect of expression of E5K detected by mAb A on survival of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (p=0.009).

-   Low expression     x - - x -   High expression     o - - o

FIG. 3A. Effect of two albumin peptides, 2605 and 2608, on PHA (5 μg/ml) induced proliferation of PBMCs from one healthy control and two cancer patients was tested. The three different concentrations of the peptides (μ/ml) are indicated in the figure. Patients P45 and 46 suffered from renal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.

FIG. 3B. Effect of two albumin peptides, 2605 and 2608, on PHA (10 μg/ml) induced proliferation of PBMCs from one healthy control and two cancer patients was tested. The three peptide concentrations (μ/ml) used are indicated in the figure.

FIG. 4. Inter-individual variation in the effect of albumin peptides on PHA induced proliferation by PBMCs from healthy controls and cancer patients. PHA was used at a concentration of 5 μg/ml and the peptides at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. The patients had the following diagnoses: Malignant melanoma (P46) and renal cell carcinoma (P39, P 41 and P45).

FIG. 5. Effect of dHSA, 8 μg/ml, on PHA induced proliferation of PBMCs from 5 controls and 4 cancer patients.

FIG. 6A. Effect of peptide 2605 on dHSA enhanced PHA induced proliferation. The details are described in the text.

FIG. 6B. Effect of peptide 2608 on dHSA enhanced PHA induced proliferation. The details are described in the text.

FIG. 7. Effect of albumin peptides on LPS-induced IL-6 production by PBMC from A) a healthy donor, B) and C) cancer patients with malignant melanoma. PBMC were stimulated with LPS for 24 h in the presence of the indicated peptides at 0.01 μg/ml (black bars), 0.1 μg/ml (grey bars), 1 μg/ml (white bars) or 10 μg/ml (hatched bars). The amount of IL-6 released into the culture medium was measured by ELISA. Results are expressed as percent of IL-6 released in control cultures without the addition of peptides. This was 1072 pg/ml, 997 pg/ml and 902 pg/ml in A), B) and C), respectively.

FIG. 8A-F. Effect of albumin peptides on the binding of antibodies to LFA-1 on immune cells. The monocytic cell line THP-1 (panels A and B), PBMC from two healthy controls (panels C, D and E, F, respectively). Peptide 2606 was used in experiments shown in B and D and peptide 2605 was used in F.

FIG. 9. Effect of peptides on dHSA modulated PHA induced proliferation of PBMCs

FIG. 10. Effect of the new series of peptides on IL-2 induced proliferation (A) and reversal of the inhibitory activity of peptide 3028 by Fc-receptor modulation (B).

FIG. 11. Effect of the new series of peptides on LPS induced IL-6 production by PBMCs from two healthy controls.

FIG. 12. Effect of the new series of peptides on LPS induced IL-6 production by PBMCs from three cancer patients, with malignant melanoma (MM) and with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

FIG. 13. 2-D gel electrophoresis of proteins from plasma after ACS affinity chromatography. The plasma was obtained from a patient with malignant melanoma.

FIG. 14. IL-2 induced proliferation by PBMC from healthy controls and PBMC from renal cell carcioma patients (RCC) cultured in 10% autologous sera.

FIG. 15. A Kaplan Meyer analysis of renal cell carcinoma patients according to proliferative response to IL-2. A low proliferative rate indicates a poor survival.

FIG. 16. Culture of PBMCs from healthy controls in sera from cancer patients known to have a suppressed response to IL-2 in the ex vivo model.

FIG. 17. Analysis of the effect of four different peptides on IL-2 induced proliferation of PBMCs from healthy controls. PBMCs were culture for 7 days in the presence of IL-2 (20 U/ml) and the peptides. Proliferation was measured as incorporation of ³H-thymidine during the final 18 hours. // Control PBMC, (None vs 3028, *p<0.0006, n=17) (Note, 3026, 3027, 3029 n=4 or 5).

FIG. 18. Inhibition of the proliferative response to IL-2 by peptide 3028 in the human ex vivo model using cancer patient PBMCs.

FIG. 19. A. Effect of the C-(3218) and N-terminal (3325) parts of peptide 3028 on II-2 induced proliferation in comparison with the effect of the whole/full length peptide 3028. One representative experiment is shown. B. The inhibitory effect of peptide 3028 on IL-2 induced proliferation is not neutralised by the C-(3218) and N-terminal (3325) parts of peptide 3028 alone or in combination.

FIG. 20. Antisera, but not preimmune sera, from two rabbits immunized with the albumin peptide 3028 bind to wells coated with the 3028 peptide, denatured HSA (denHSA) and, to a lesser extent, to control treated (not denatured) HSA, which has been prepared just as the denatured HSA except for the denaturation procedure.

FIG. 21. Inhibition of the binding of rabbit-anti 3028 serum L to wells coated with the 3028 peptide in an ELISA by albumin peptides. Peptide 2607, containing the E5K structure, is used as a negative control.

FIG. 22. Effect of affinity purified antibodies directed against peptide 3028 on the proliferative response to IL-2 of PBMCs from immunosuppressed cancer patients and normal controls with down-regulation of immune reactivity. P21 has renal cell carcinoma and p26, p28 and p29 have malignant melanoma.

FIG. 23. Immunohistochemical staining of a malignant melanoma metastases using affinity purified rabbit antibodies directed to the 3028 epitope.

FIG. 24. Inhibition of the binding of anti-LFA-1, mab HI111, to mononuclear blood cells by 3028 peptide and fragments 3325 and 3218. A standard immunohistochemical staining procedure using acetone fixation, 10% human AB-serum for blocking, incubation with HI 111 and a secondary antibody (Ultravision, an alkaline phosphate conjugated polymer attached to Fab-fragments of goat anti-mouse Ig), followed by development with Fast Red. The slides were then mounted in Glycergel. Preincubation with peptides added to the AB serum was as follows: A. No peptide added, B. peptide 3028, C. The C-terminal part (3218), and D. The N-terminal part (3325).

FIG. 25. Demonstration using computer assisted molecular modelling that peptide 3028 binds to CD25 at the IL-2 binding site The -chain of the IL-2 receptor (CD25) binding peptide 3028 (A) at the IL-2 binding site (B). CD25 yellow and IL-2 blue.

FIG. 26. Difference in anti-proliferative activity of peptides 3218 an 3325, specificity of the affinity purified antibodies directed to peptide 3325 and not to peptide 3218, immunomodulatory activity these antibodies, and the effect of these peptides on the binding of the anti-LFA-1 mAb to immune cells) it can be concluded that neither of the minor peptides, 3218 or 3325, are as efficient as the complete peptide, 3028.

FIG. 27. Effect of albumin peptides on cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells from healthy blood donors.

FIG. 28. Table 4A. E3-7K sequences in HSA.

FIG. 29. Table 4B. K3-7E sequences in HSA.

REFERENCE LISTING

-   1. Suckau D et al, PNAS, 1990, 87:9848. -   2. Macht M et al, Biochhemistry, 1996, 35:15633. -   3. Kiselar J G and Downard K M, Anal Chem 1999, 71:1792. -   4. Davis G E, Exp. Cell Res, 1992, 200;242. -   5. Doyen N et al. Mol Immunol, 1985, 22:1-10 -   6. Peterson N C. Advances in monoclonal antibody technology: Genetic     engineering of mice, cells and immunoglobulins. ILAR Journal, 2005,     46:314-9. 

1-26. (canceled)
 27. A method of inhibiting an immune response in a subject in need thereof, comprising: administering a peptide that comprises the sequence of SEQ. ID. NO. 81 to said subject; and evaluating an immune response of said subject before and after administration of said peptide.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ. ID. NO
 80. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that is at least 94% identical to the peptide of SEQ. ID. NO.
 80. 30. The method of claim 27, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 31. The method of claim 28, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 33. The method of claim 27, wherein said immune response is interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent.
 34. The method of claim 28, wherein said immune response is interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent.
 35. The method of claim 29, wherein said immune response is interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependent.
 36. The method of claim 27, wherein said immune response comprises proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
 37. The method of claim 28, wherein said immune response comprises proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
 38. The method of claim 29, wherein said immune response comprises proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
 39. The method of claim 27, wherein said immune response is αLβ₂-integrin, Leukocyte Function Associated molecule-1 (LFA-1) dependent.
 40. The method of claim 28, wherein said immune response is αLβ₂-integrin, Leukocyte Function Associated molecule-1 (LFA-1) dependent.
 41. The method of claim 29, wherein said immune response is αLβ₂-integrin, Leukocyte Function Associated molecule-1 (LFA-1) dependent.
 42. The method of claim 33, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 43. The method of claim 34, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 44. The method of claim 35, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 45. The method of claim 36, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 46. The method of claim 37, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 47. The method of claim 38, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 48. The method of claim 39, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 49. The method of claim 40, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin.
 50. The method of claim 41, wherein said peptide comprises a sequence that corresponds to a fragment of human serum albumin. 